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DE@@LLB`ZC@ deqe t \x X | L, Xٳ deqe t , t Xٳ@ X pX H t pٳD ij\. , deqe . DE FF3rGdeqe#* ge88.sX@m,``nLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* V!F882sX` 6f`: VecZ _{mn} CONG VecZ _{m} TIMES VecZ _{n} `LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* c7886sX df _{|} `:`(` VecZ _{mn}^{*} ,` BULLET )` CONG (` VecZ _{m}^{*} TIMES VecZ _{n}^{*} ,` BULLET )`LJEquation Version 60B`DE@'LLB`2C@1. LX h deqe  ٳx ٳx X |  lX|. DE@p.eeGdeqe#* Xe88pXf LUEquation Version 60B`.C (1) deqe (2) deqe DE@i5rGdeqe#* 288'}qXxf``:` LEFT ( ` {{VecZ }} _{12}^{*} `,`` BULLET RIGHT ) ````` -> ````` LEFT ( ` {{VecZ }} _{12}^{*} `,`` BULLET RIGHT )LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 2D88ccsXxf``:` LEFT ( ` {{VecZ }} _{24}^{*} `,`` BULLET RIGHT ) ````` -> ````` LEFT ( ` {{VecZ }} _{24}^{*} `,`` BULLET RIGHT )LJEquation Version 60B`C`2. L iٳX t| lX|. DE@=LLB`.C(1) deqe (2) deqe (3) deqe DE@D!!vGdeqe#* '!88sX@x ^{2} -1 == 0`````(mod``400)LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* (!E88ecsX x ^{2} -2x == 0```(mod``400)LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* *!F88gcsX@x ^{2} -2x == 0```(mod``1225)LWEquation Version 60B`DE@LLLB`Ct 1(1) mxX 8Ȭ XX deqe t. 0| deqe X 0ٳp@ deqe X 0ٳp ٳt. 8 2.12.8@ t deqe X 0ٳ@ deqe  t( 0 deqe X ht. ” deqe . DE tSr( \rbdFFzlrGdeqe#* 588RbcsX{VecZ _{12}^{*} CONG VecZ _{4}^{*} TIMES VecZ _{3}^{*} ` CONG LEFT ( ` VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} `,``+ RIGHT ) `LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 688TbcsXVecZ _{12}^{*}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88VbcsX`VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XbcsX`VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88ZbcsX VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88[bcsX`VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* #88]bcsX 2LEFT | M _{2} ( VecZ _{2} ) RIGHT | =2 ^{4} `=16`LJEquation Version 60B`Cȹ,\ deqe X 0ٳp@ deqe X 0ٳp ٳt. 8 2.12.8@ t deqe X 0ٳ@ deqe  t( 0 deqe X 責x ht. ” deqe . DEur;}FFwrGdeqe#* 6 88dbcsXVecZ _{12}^{*}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F 88ebcsX`VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F 88fbcsX`VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F 88gbcsX VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F 88hbcsX`VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* :88ibcsX ALEFT | GL _{2} ( VecZ _{2} ) RIGHT | =(2 ^{2} -1)(2 ^{2} -2)`=6`LJEquation Version 60B`mC (2) deqe t. (1)X t@ t deqe X 0ٳ@ deqe  ( 0 deqe X h@ |XX, ” deqe . DEr*FFarGdeqe#* >88wbcsXVecZ _{24}^{*} CONG VecZ _{8}^{*} TIMES VecZ _{3}^{*} ` CONG LEFT ( `` VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} `,``+ RIGHT ) `LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88bcsX 0VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88{bcsX VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88|bcsX 0VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* (%88}bcsX 3LEFT | M _{3} ( VecZ _{2} ) RIGHT | =2 ^{9} `=512`LJEquation Version 60B`SC` deqe X 0ٳ@ deqe  ( 0 deqe X 責x h@ |XX, ” deqe . DEFF8rGdeqe#* F88bcsX 0VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88bcsX VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88bcsX 0VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 1M88bcsXSLEFT | GL _{3} ( VecZ _{2} ) RIGHT | =(2 ^{3} -1)(2 ^{3} -2)(2 ^{3} -2 ^{2} )`=168LJEquation Version 60B`DE@LLB`#C`2. (1) deqe . mxX 8Ȭ| tǩ\. DE@l!!vGdeqe#* !88 sX400=2 ^{4} TIMES 5 ^{2}LWEquation Version 60B`C deqe deqe deqe DE@! Gdeqe#* &!88 sX x ^{2} -1 == 0```(mod```400)LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88 sXLRARROW LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ' 88 sX H{cases{x ^{2} -1 == 0````&(mod``2 ^{4} )#x ^{2} -1 == 0&(mod``5 ^{2} )}}L@Equation Version 60B`C deqe X tՔ deqe X 4. DE@!!vGdeqe#* #!88sXx ^{2} -1 == 0```(mod``2 ^{4} )LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* \W!88sX Dx == 1,````x == -1,``x == 3 ^{2} == 9,```x == -9 == 7(mod``2 ^{4} )LWEquation Version 60B`C deqe X tՔ deqe X 2. DE@Q!!vGdeqe#* #!88"sXx ^{2} -1 == 0```(mod``5 ^{2} )LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* )5!88#sX(x == 1,````x == -1 == 24``(mod``5 ^{2} )LWEquation Version 60B`0C 0| mxX 8ȬXX tՔ, deqe , deqe X DE@FFGdeqe#* F880sXc _{1} == 1,`-1,``9,```7LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* RF882sXc _{2} == 1,`-1LGEquation Version 60B`C deqe . , tՔ DE@rGdeqe#* H88.sX Qx == c _{1} TIMES 5 ^{2} TIMES 9+c _{2} TIMES 2 ^{4} TIMES 11`````(mod```400)LJEquation Version 60B`C deqe X 8. DE@veeGdeqe#* de88VUsX ;x==1,``-1,``49,``-49,``151,``-151,``201,``-201``(mod```400)LUEquation Version 60B` C  lbt DE@oLLG lbt"*.!VsMH .B`C 8 (1) deqe | L, deqe t, deqe   deqe x ƌ deqe , deqe , deqe X 3t. 0| deqe | L, deqe X tՔ  deqe x deqe D ht 4. D E :J!!vr!!vG deqe#*  e88#VsXe`geq`3LUEquation Version 60G deqe#* %88$VsX CVecZ _{2 ^{e}} CONG (` VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2 ^{e-2}} `,`+)LAEquation Version 60G deqe#* }88%VsX@ -(` VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2 ^{e-2}} `,`+)LAEquation Version 60G deqe#* e88&VsX2`LUEquation Version 60G deqe#* !88'VsX(0,``2 ^{e-3} )LWEquation Version 60G deqe#* W e88(VsX`(1,`0)LUEquation Version 60G deqe#* !88)VsX(1,``2 ^{e-3} )LWEquation Version 60G deqe#*  e 885csMH .B`OC 8 deqe t, P  deqe deqe | L, iٳ deqe X tՔ deqe пt. D E FF4rG deqe#* e?88IcsXp`LUEquation Version 60G deqe#* F@88LcsXc _{1} ,``c _{2} `LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* sFA88ScsX 3LEFT | c _{1} RIGHT | + LEFT | c _{2} RIGHT | ``<p`LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* 4B88[csX@ -(x-c _{1} )(x-c _{2} ) == 0````(mod``p ^{n} )LJEquation Version 60G deqe#* ++C88\csX@ -x == c _{1} ,````x == c _{2} ``(mod``p ^{n} )LJEquation Version 60B`C \аXt, t deqe t, deqe | Xt, deqe t. 0| deqe t, deqe t\ deqe  deqe t. t L, deqe tt deqe tt, deqe  pt . 0| D E pr,FFg FFG deqe#* eV88csXaLUEquation Version 60G deqe#* [4H88csX@ -(a-c _{1} )(a-c _{2} ) == 0````(mod``p ^{n} )LJEquation Version 60G deqe#* !I88csX#p ^{n} ``|``(a-c _{1} )(a-c _{2} )`LJEquation Version 60G deqe#*  FJ88csX@p``|``(a-c _{1} )(a-c _{2} )`LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* eG88{csXpLUEquation Version 60G deqe#* nFK88csXp``|``(a-c _{1} )LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* nFL88csXp``|`(a-c _{2} )`LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* nFM88csXp``|``(a-c _{1} )LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* nFN88csXp``|`(a-c _{2} )`LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* FO88csXp``|``(c _{2} -c _{1} )LGEquation Version 60B`2C @ deqe x , deqe t, deqe t. t deqe . D E @(rG deqe#* nFP88csXp``|``(a-c _{1} )LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* nFW88csX p``not|``(a-c _{2} )LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* 0Q88csXp ^{n} ``|``(a-c _{1} )LJEquation Version 60G deqe#* R88csXa==c _{1} ```(mod``p ^{n} )LJEquation Version 60B`2C @ deqe x , deqe t, deqe tǴ t deqe . D E @P1rG deqe#* nFS88csXp``|``(a-c _{2} )LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* nFX88csX`p`` not| ``(a-c _{1} )LGEquation Version 60G deqe#* 0T88csXp ^{n} ``|``(a-c _{2} )LJEquation Version 60G deqe#* U88csX@a == c _{2} ```(mod``p ^{n} )LJEquation Version 60B`DE@eLLB` C`3.8 ƤX D E@B`DE@LLB`C1. Ƥ X deqe   deqe <\ 1 mtpL deqe X\ X deqe D ̹( deqe ). deqe X tpLX  L D L,  deqe D @ 0 deqe | lX|. DE`ee<YeekReeGdeqe#* e88dsX VecZ `[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88esXm`VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* .e88fsXm` VecZ `[i]`= LEFT < m RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88gsX@R= VecZ [i]/ LEFT < m RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88hsX`VLEFT < m RIGHT > = LEFT { `m(a+bi)`` LEFT | ```a,`b`` IN `` VecZ ``` RIGHT } ` RIGHT .LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* we88isXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88jsXm`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88ksX3LUEquation Version 60B`6C(1) deqe  (2) deqe  DE@K#eeGdeqe#* e88lsX4LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88msX5LUEquation Version 60B`DE@D*LLB`ZC@ 2. Ƥ X deqe   deqe <\ 1 mtpL deqe X\ X deqe | ̹( deqe ). DE$1ee@8eeGdeqe#* e88ssX VecZ `[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88tsXm`VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* + e88usX  m`VecZ `[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 'e88vsX`R=VecZ [i]/m VecZ [i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* <e88wsXSm` VecZ `[i]`=` LEFT { `m(a+bi)`` LEFT | ```a,`b`` IN `` VecZ ``` RIGHT } ` RIGHT .LUEquation Version 60B`<C(1) deqe t deqe X tpLD ɔ @  deqe D lX|. DE@?eeGdeqe#* we88xsXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88ysX45`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88zsXm`LUEquation Version 60B`3C`(2) (1)X deqe X tpL tpL X\ XD P lX|. DE@FeeGdeqe#* we88{sXR`LUEquation Version 60B`DE@MLLB`ZC@ 3. Ƥ X deqe   deqe <\ 1 mtpL deqe X\ X deqe | ̹( deqe ). DESee@ZeeGdeqe#* e88|sX VecZ `[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88}sXm`VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* + e88~sX  m`VecZ `[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 'e88sX`R=VecZ [i]/m VecZ [i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* <e88sXSm` VecZ `[i]`=` LEFT { `m(a+bi)`` LEFT | ```a,`b`` IN `` VecZ ``` RIGHT } ` RIGHT .LUEquation Version 60B`<C(1) deqe t deqe X tpLD ɔ @  deqe D lX|. DE@aeeGdeqe#* we88sXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX12`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXm`LUEquation Version 60B`3C`(2) (1)X deqe X tpL tpL X\ XD P lX|. DE@heeGdeqe#* we88sXR`LUEquation Version 60B`DE@oLLB`|Ct 1. QȬ(Ȭ3.4.14) XX X deqe X tpL@ deqe X tpL  deqe D hXՔ deqe X\ deqe <\ М. t L, deqe | Xt, DEvee<}eeGdeqe#* ed88sX VecZ [i]/ LEFT < m RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eb88sX VecZ `[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ec88sXLEFT < m RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ee88sXJ`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ef88sX J`/ LEFT < m RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eg88sXJ`= LEFT < alpha RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60B`yC  deqe  ( 3.6.4(1))t. deqe mtpLx deqe X tpLx | >̔ 8t\ deqe  deqe X }x 0} deqe | >̔. D9>fiEee>eeGdeqe#* 'eh88sX RLEFT < m RIGHT > SUBSETEQ LEFT < alpha RIGHT > ``` LRARROW ``` alpha `left|`m``LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ek88sX@alphaLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* el88sX VecZ `[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* em88sX VecZ `[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ei88sXmLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ej88sX@alphaLUEquation Version 60B`,CX deqe  tpLX 1x ” @ 0 \ DE@eeGdeqe#* e088sX@VecZ LUEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* t-e188sX*2,```3,```5,```7,```11,``13,```17,` CDOTS LUEquation Version 60B`+C`t QXՔ Ƥ X deqe X tpLX 1x 0}@ DE@eeGdeqe#* e/88sX VecZ `[i]`LUEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@{eeGdeqe#* Iiea88sX@ M1+i,````3,````2+i,```2-i,`````7,````11,```3+2i,```3-2i,```4+i,```4-i,` CDOTS LUEquation Version 60B`DE@tLLB`6C(1) tpLt deqe x \͌x  deqe  deqe . DE@TeeGdeqe#* e288sX4LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* en88sX3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* deE88sX  30,``60,``65LUEquation Version 60B`@C deqe | L, tpL@ deqe , deqe , deqe , deqe 4 DE@MFFGdeqe#* #F388sX@m _{1} =2 TIMES 3 TIMES 5=30`LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {e488sX LEFT < `1+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e588sXLEFT < 3 RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {e688sX LEFT < `2+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {e788sX LEFT < `2-i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60B`@C deqe | L, tpL@ deqe , deqe , deqe , deqe 4 DE@'rGdeqe#* $F88sX#m _{2} =2 ^{2} TIMES 3 TIMES 5=60`LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {eG88sX LEFT < `1+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eH88sXLEFT < 3 RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {eI88sX LEFT < `2+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {eJ88sX LEFT < `2-i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60B`AC  deqe | L, tpL@ deqe , deqe , deqe , deqe 4 DE@FFGdeqe#* Fo88sXm _{3} =5times13=65LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {ep88sX LEFT < `2+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {es88sX LEFT < `2-i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eq88sX@LEFT < `3+2i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* er88sX@LEFT < `3-2i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60B`6C(2) tpLt deqe x \͌x  deqe  deqe . DE@eeGdeqe#* e888sX5LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eu88sX3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* et88sX130,```170,```195.LUEquation Version 60B`EC deqe , tpL@ deqe , deqe , deqe , deqe , deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* e988sX2 TIMES 5 TIMES 13=130`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {e:88sX LEFT < `1+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {e;88sX LEFT < `2+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {e<88sX LEFT < `2-i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e>88sX@LEFT < `3+2i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e?88sX@LEFT < `3-2i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60B`EC deqe , tpL@ deqe , deqe , deqe , deqe , deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* e=88sX2 TIMES 5 TIMES 17=170`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {e@88sX LEFT < `1+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {eA88sX LEFT < `2+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {eB88sX LEFT < `2-i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {eC88sX LEFT < `4+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {eD88sX LEFT < `4-i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60B`EC deqe , tpL@ deqe , deqe , deqe , deqe , deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* ev88sX3 TIMES 5 TIMES 13=195`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ew88sXLEFT < 3 RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {ex88sX LEFT < `2+i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* {ey88sX LEFT < `2-i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ez88sX@LEFT < `3+2i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e{88sX@LEFT < `3-2i` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60B`D E@{B`5C2. (1) ƤX deqe mtpLt, deqe X P mtpL DE@eeGdeqe#* e88sX VecZ`[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX VecZ`[i]`LUEquation Version 60B`C@ deqe X Lt 1\. DE@eeGdeqe#* D3e88sX :I`=` LEFT < `a+bi` RIGHT > ,```J=` LEFT < `c+di` RIGHT > `LUEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* Je88sXkLEFT < `a+bi` RIGHT > ` SUBSETEQ LEFT < `c+di` RIGHT > ````` LRARROW ``````c+di` LEFT | `a+bi````` RIGHT .LUEquation Version 60B`ECt 8Ȕ deqe  } deqe deqe x @  deqe D >̔ t. DE@ eeGdeqe#* e88sX VecZ`[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* < e88sX@c+di`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX45LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXm`LUEquation Version 60B`1C  deqe  xt @ 0 D (@\ Xt(ٳt D̲ <\) DE@eeGdeqe#* e 88sX VecZ`[i]`LUEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* QZe!88sX <1+i,```2+i,````2-i,````3,``3+2i,````3-2i,``4+1,``4-i CDOTS `LUEquation Version 60B`Ct. DE@"LLB`C( deqe @ deqe ٳƄD X\.  X t () deqe t\ deqe X x\ deqe | ` L, @ ij\ $x deqe | t| \.) deqe D}E)eeI0ee~7!!vGdeqe#* ze"88sX 1+i`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ze#88sX 1-i`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e|88sXm`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e~88sXm`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e}88sX2+iLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX2-iLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ~K!$88 sX Am`=`-(1+i) ^{4} ` TIMES `(2+i) ^{2} ` TIMES (2-i) ^{2} ``=`100LWEquation Version 60B`C` 0| @  deqe t. DE@d?eeGdeqe#* e%88!sXm`=100`LUEquation Version 60B`C8 deqe X tpL@  L . DE@]FeeGdeqe#* e-88"sX45`LUEquation Version 60B` C@ deqe D E@VMxGdeqe#* .88#sX@I` _{jkl} ``=``(1+i) ^{j} `(2+i) ^{k} `(2-i) ^{l} ` LEFT ( ` VecZ [i]` LEFT / `100 VecZ [i]` RIGHT ) `,`````j`=`0,`1,`2,`3,`4,````k=0,`1,`2,````l=0,`1,`2 RIGHT .LKEquation Version 60B`C(2) deqe t\ deqe X tpL@ deqe X xx deqe \  1 deqe , deqe , deqe 8 . t L, X@  deqe , deqe , deqe t. DEU!!v-]eehdFFGdeqe#* r7!L88$sX(100=`-(1+i) ^{4} (2+i) ^{2} (2-i) ^{2} `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eK88%sXR= VecZ [i]/100 VecZ [i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 'eM88&sX100LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* reN88'sX1+i,``2+i,``2-i`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ieO88(sX`LEFT < 1+i` RIGHT > R`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ieR88)sX`LEFT < 2+i` RIGHT > R`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ieS88*sX`LEFT < 2-i` RIGHT > R`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* FP88+sX@ =R` LEFT / ` LEFT < 1+i` RIGHT > R` CONG VecZ _{2} ` RIGHT .LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* FT88,sX@ =R` LEFT / ` LEFT < 2+i` RIGHT > R` CONG VecZ _{5} ` RIGHT .LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* FU88-sX@ =R` LEFT / ` LEFT < 2-i` RIGHT > R` CONG VecZ _{5} ` RIGHT .LGEquation Version 60B`C` deqe . X, DE@glrGdeqe#* ˆQ88.sX`!R` LEFT / ` LEFT < 1+i` RIGHT > R` CONG VecZ [i] LEFT / LEFT < 1+i` RIGHT > ` CONG VecZ _{2} [x] LEFT / LEFT < x ^{2} +1,`x+1` RIGHT > CONG VecZ _{2} [x] LEFT / LEFT < x+1` RIGHT > CONG VecZ _{2} ` RIGHT . RIGHT . RIGHT . RIGHT .LJEquation Version 60B`C deqe ƌX  deqe x t. DE@trGdeqe#* 1V88/sXyLEFT . VecZ [i] LEFT / LEFT < 3 RIGHT > ` CONG VecZ _{3} [x] LEFT / LEFT < x ^{2} +1` RIGHT > ` RIGHT . RIGHT . RIGHT .LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eW880sX9LUEquation Version 60B`DE@}LLB`wC3. (1) t 8Ȕ deqe  } deqe x @  deqe D >̔ t(x deqe X @ } @x deqe X @ t t). DEseeDleeGdeqe#* e(881sX VecZ`[i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e&882sX12LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e'883sXm`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e*884sX12LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e+885sX45LUEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@e!!vGdeqe#* j=!,886sX m`=`-i(1+i) ^{2} (2+i)(2-i)`=`10LWEquation Version 60B`C@0| @  deqe t. DE@eeGdeqe#* . e)887sX@m`=10LUEquation Version 60B`C(2) deqe t\ deqe X tpL@ deqe X xx deqe \  1 deqe , deqe , deqe 8 . t L, X@  deqe , deqe , deqe t. DE!!v,ȨeeeFFGdeqe#* =!888sX!m`=`-i(1+i) ^{2} (2+i)(2-i)`=`10`LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eX889sXR= VecZ [i]/10 VecZ [i]`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eY88:sX10LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* reZ88;sX1+i,``2+i,``2-i`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ie[88<sX`LEFT < 1+i` RIGHT > R`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ie]88=sX`LEFT < 2+i` RIGHT > R`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ie^88>sX`LEFT < 2-i` RIGHT > R`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F\88?sX@ =R` LEFT / ` LEFT < 1+i` RIGHT > R` CONG VecZ _{2} ` RIGHT .LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F_88@sX@ =R` LEFT / ` LEFT < 2+i` RIGHT > R` CONG VecZ _{5} ` RIGHT .LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F`88AsX@ =R` LEFT / ` LEFT < 2-i` RIGHT > R` CONG VecZ _{5} ` RIGHT .LGEquation Version 60B`DE@LLB`DE@{LLB`DE@[LLB`DE@;LLB`DE@LLB`DE@LLB`DE@LLB`DE@LLB`DE@LLB`DE@{LLB`DE@[LLB` C@3.9 mX D E@B`C`1. t(X deqe  LD |. DE@  bGdeqe#* ( a88/sXVecZ LEFT [ sqrt {2} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60B`*C@ (1) mtpL deqe deqe X tpLt DȲ. DE@  bGdeqe#* 3 ]88/sX@ ELEFT < 2 RIGHT >`= LEFT { 2a+2b sqrt {2} `M``a,`b` IN VecZ RIGHT }LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * ^88/sXVecZ [ sqrt {2} ]LWEquation Version 60B`(C (2) mtpL deqe deqe X tpLt. DE@  bGdeqe#* 8 _88 /sX OLEFT < sqrt {2} RIGHT > `= LEFT { `2a+b sqrt {2} ``M```a,`b` IN VecZ ` RIGHT }LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * `88!/sXVecZ [ sqrt {2} ]LWEquation Version 60B`OC (3)  deqe \ 1 deqe X mtpL deqe deqe X tpLx | P XX|. DEZ  b0&  bGdeqe"* en88"/sXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ( m88#/sXVecZ LEFT [ sqrt {2} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* IH l88$/sX@}LEFT . LEFT < p RIGHT > = LEFT { ``p(a+b sqrt {2} )`` LEFT | `a+b sqrt {2} ` IN ` VecZ sqrt {2} `` RIGHT } ` RIGHT . RIGHT .LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ( o88%/sXVecZ LEFT [ sqrt {2} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60B`DE@-LLB`C2. deqe | L, DE@4eeGdeqe"* ep88&/sXp`LUEquation Version 60B`9C  (1) deqe  deqe deqe X tpLx | P XX|. DE;  b,-CLLGdeqe#* ( q88'/sXVecZ LEFT [ sqrt {5} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* IH r88(/sX@}LEFT . LEFT < p RIGHT > = LEFT { ``p(a+b sqrt {5} )`` LEFT | `a+b sqrt {5} ` IN ` VecZ sqrt {5} `` RIGHT } ` RIGHT . RIGHT .LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ( s88)/sXVecZ LEFT [ sqrt {5} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60B`8C(2) deqe  deqe deqe X tpLx | P XX|. DE J  b+QLLGdeqe#* ( t88*/sXVecZ LEFT [ sqrt {3} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* IH u88+/sX@}LEFT . LEFT < p RIGHT > = LEFT { ``p(a+b sqrt {3} )`` LEFT | `a+b sqrt {3} ` IN ` VecZ sqrt {3} `` RIGHT } ` RIGHT . RIGHT .LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ( v88,/sXVecZ LEFT [ sqrt {3} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60B`DE@XLLB`'C3. deqe @  deqe X LD lX|. DE@k_  bGdeqe#* 5 [88-/sX VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {15} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* ey88./sXp`LUEquation Version 60B`#C`(1) deqe | hXՔ deqe X tpL DE@g  bGdeqe#* \88//sX sqrt {15}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 5 z880/sX VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {15} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60B`-C(2) deqe deqe X tpLx | P XX|. DE@n  bGdeqe#* ew881/sXLEFT . LEFT < p RIGHT > RIGHT .LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 5 x882/sX VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {15} RIGHT ] `LWEquation Version 60B`DE@UvLLB`C4. mX deqe X tpL deqe @ X deqe X deqe t( deqe ). deqe X tpLX  L D L, @ @ deqe X |  lX|. DE5}FFvJeeGdeqe#* Fc88:/sX`VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* eb88;/sXI`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* zFd88/sXpLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* wek88?/sXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* ee88@/sXI`LUEquation Version 60B`KC` (1) deqe  (2) deqe  (3) deqe  DE@(eeGdeqe"* eh88A/sX3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* ef88B/sX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* ei88C/sX1LUEquation Version 60B`DE@1LLB`C`t DE@LLB`C1. (1) deqe t\ X deqe  deqe t. 췘 deqe t\ deqe X deqe  q(xǐ)t. 0| deqe @ t DȲ, mtpL deqe deqe X tpLt DȲ. DE:K  bs  bGdeqe#*  88WsX sqrt {2} NOTIN LEFT < 2 RIGHT >LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* & 88WsX)VecZ [ sqrt {2} ] LEFT / LEFT < 2 RIGHT >LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88WsX@ sqrt {2} !=0 LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88WsX` .{ sqrt {2}}^2 =2` IN LEFT < 2 RIGHT > RIGHT .LXEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88WsXsqrt {2}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  88WsX@ 5VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {2} RIGHT ] LEFT / LEFT < 2 RIGHT >LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  88WsX@ 5VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {2} RIGHT ] LEFT / LEFT < 2 RIGHT >LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88WsXLEFT < 2 RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * 88WsXVecZ [ sqrt {2} ]LWEquation Version 60B`tC(2) deqe , deqe ȬXٳt, deqe t. 0| X deqe t. deqe t\ mtpL deqe deqe X tpLt. DE''/BbkLLGdeqe#* 88WsX ?LEFT . phi `:` VecZ [ sqrt {2} ] `` -> `` VecZ _{2} RIGHT .LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* %'88WsX` >LEFT . phi (a+b sqrt {2} )= {bar{a}} `in`` VecZ _{2} RIGHT .LKEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* = 88WsX#ker` phi `= LEFT < sqrt {2} RIGHT >LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* v&88WsX[VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {2} RIGHT ] LEFT / LEFT < sqrt {2} RIGHT > ` CONG ` VecZ _{2} RIGHT . `LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88WsX@VecZ _{2} RIGHT . `LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88XsXLEFT < sqrt {2} RIGHT > `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * 88XsXVecZ [ sqrt {2} ]LWEquation Version 60B`C`(3) deqe . 0| DE@rGdeqe#* r[88XsX@LEFT . VecZ [ sqrt {2} ]/ LEFT < p` RIGHT > CONG VecZ [x]/ LEFT < `x ^{2} -2,`p` RIGHT > CONG VecZ _{p} [x]/ LEFT < `x ^{2} -2 RIGHT > ` RIGHT .LJEquation Version 60B`QC  deqe deqe X tpL deqe deqe deqe X 0}m deqe deqe  DE@7  Gdeqe#* e88XsXLEFT < `p` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * 88XsXVecZ [ sqrt {2} ]LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88XsXLRARROW VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ! 88XsX x ^{2} -2LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsX`VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88XsXLRARROW VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* h 88 XsX@%LEFT ( ` {2} over {p} RIGHT ) `=`-1``LAEquation Version 60B`(C\аXt,  deqe deqe  tpLt DȲ DE@eeGdeqe#*  88 XsXLEFT < `p` RIGHT >VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  e 88 XsXVecZ [ sqrt {2} ]XEquation Version 60B`2C@ deqe deqe t deqe  0}mt DȲ DE@!!vGdeqe#*  88 XsXLRARROW VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88 XsX x ^{2} -2LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* t  88XsX VecZ _{p} [x]HEquation Version 60B`=C deqe deqe x deqe tȬ deqe deqe  DE@Gdeqe#* 88XsXLRARROW VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 2!88XsXa ^{2} == 2``````(mod``p)LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsXa``in``VecZ _{p} `LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88XsXLRARROW VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88XsX#LEFT ( ` {2} over {p} RIGHT ) `=1``BEquation Version 60B`KC` 0| deqe deqe 4  deqe 4X | L, deqe deqe  tpLt. DE@  bGdeqe#* e88XsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsX 8n+3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsX 8n+5LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsXLEFT < `p` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * 88XsXVecZ [ sqrt {2} ]LWEquation Version 60B`DE@LLB`C2. 1(3) @ )<\ |. DE@~LLB`UC (1)  deqe deqe X tpL deqe deqe deqe X 0}m deqe deqe  DE@^  Gdeqe#* e88XsXLEFT < `p` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * 88XsXVecZ [ sqrt {5} ]LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88XsXLRARROW VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88XsX x ^{2} -5LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsX`VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88XsXLRARROW VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* h 88XsX@%LEFT ( ` {5} over {p} RIGHT ) `=`-1``LAEquation Version 60B`-C deqe t, deqe deqe X tpLt DȲ. DE@"  Gdeqe#*  588 XsX $LEFT ( ` {5} over {2} RIGHT ) `=`1``LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  e688!XsXLEFT < `p2 RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * 788"XsXVecZ [ sqrt {5} ]LWEquation Version 60B`C deqe deqe 4X t\, @Œ deqe X t(̉X 8֕Y XX, deqe t. 0| @Œ deqe deqe 4  deqe 4| L, deqe t, deqe deqe  tpLt. DE.ee@5  OB  bGdeqe#* e"88#XsX5LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e#88$XsX 4n+1LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e888%XsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ( $88&XsX ALEFT ( ` {5} over {p} RIGHT ) `=` LEFT ( ` {p} over {5} RIGHT ) `LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e%88'XsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e&88(XsX 5n+2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e'88)XsX 5n+3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* h *88*XsX@%LEFT ( ` {5} over {p} RIGHT ) `=`-1``LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e(88+XsXLEFT < `p` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * )88,XsXVecZ [ sqrt {5} ]LWEquation Version 60B`UC (2)  deqe deqe X tpL deqe deqe deqe X 0}m deqe deqe  DE@I  Gdeqe#* e.88-XsXLEFT < `p` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * /88.XsXVecZ [ sqrt {3} ]LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 088/XsXLRARROW VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !2880XsX x ^{2} -3LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F1881XsX`VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 4882XsXLRARROW VEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* h 3883XsX@%LEFT ( ` {3} over {p} RIGHT ) `=`-1``LAEquation Version 60B`3C`t(̉X 8֕YD tǩX\  deqe | deqe | <\ X\. DE@VeeGdeqe#* eB884XsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eC885XsX 3times4=12LUEquation Version 60B`BC@ deqe deqe 4tt, deqe . deqe deqe 4tt, deqe . DE@]  Gdeqe#* e,886XsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e-887XsX@12n+1LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* $ +888XsX[LEFT ( {3} over {p} RIGHT ) = LEFT ( {p} over {3} RIGHT ) = LEFT ( {1} over {3} RIGHT ) =1`LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e:889XsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e;88:XsX@12n+5LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ' 988;XsX \LEFT ( {3} over {p} RIGHT ) = LEFT ( {p} over {3} RIGHT ) = LEFT ( {2} over {3} RIGHT ) =-1`LAEquation Version 60B`"C@ deqe deqe 4tt, deqe . DE@6j  Gdeqe#* e=8888=XsX@12n+7LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 7 <88>XsX dLEFT ( {3} over {p} RIGHT ) `=`- LEFT ( {p} over {3} RIGHT ) `=`- LEFT ( {1} over {3} RIGHT ) `=`-1`LAEquation Version 60B`!C  deqe deqe 4tt, deqe . DE@v  Gdeqe#* e@88?XsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eA88@XsX`12n+11LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 2 ?88AXsXbLEFT ( {3} over {p} RIGHT ) `=`- LEFT ( {p} over {3} RIGHT ) `=`- LEFT ( {2} over {3} RIGHT ) `=1`LAEquation Version 60B`IC 0|  deqe deqe 4tp deqe 4| L, deqe deqe X tpLt. DE@  bGdeqe#* eD88BXsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eE88CXsX@12n+5LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eF88DXsX@12n+7LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eG88EXsXLEFT < `p` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * H88FXsXVecZ [ sqrt {3} ]LWEquation Version 60B`DE@$LLB`LC 3. (1) ٳ, deqe D $\. t ٳ X deqe deqe Q\. 0| Lt 1\. DEFF9ޙLLGdeqe#* 2!88GXsXgVecZ LEFT [ sqrt {15} RIGHT ] ` CONG ` VecZ LEFT [ x RIGHT ] LEFT / LEFT < x ^{2} -15 RIGHT > RIGHT .LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* x 88HXsX sqrt {15} `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* JF88IXsX {bar{x}} `LWEquation Version 60B` C@ deqe DE@rGdeqe#* V88JXsX%LEFT . VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {15} RIGHT ] LEFT / LEFT < sqrt {15} RIGHT > ` CONG ` VecZ LEFT [ x RIGHT ] LEFT / LEFT < x ^{2} -15,`x RIGHT > `=` VecZ LEFT [ x RIGHT ] LEFT / LEFT < 15,`x RIGHT > RIGHT . RIGHT . ` CONG ` VecZ / LEFT < 15 RIGHT > =` VecZ _{15} RIGHT . RIGHT .LJEquation Version 60B`C0| deqe  deqe | hXՔ tpL@ deqe X tpLD >̔ 8t. deqe X tpL@ deqe @ deqe P t\ deqe  deqe | hXՔ tpL@ deqe @ deqe P . DETFFb<.FFb  bGdeqe#*  88KXsX`VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {15} RIGHT ]LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88LXsX sqrt {15}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88MXsX@ VecZ _{15} `LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88NXsX@ VecZ _{15} `LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88OXsXLEFT < 5 RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88PXsXLEFT < 7 RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  88QXsX`VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {15} RIGHT ]LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88RXsX sqrt {15}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* v 88SXsX LEFT < 5,` sqrt {15} RIGHT >LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* v 88TXsX LEFT < 7,` sqrt {15} RIGHT >LWEquation Version 60B`7C8 deqe t\ deqe X tpL deqe t. , deqe . DE  bDbGdeqe#* 6h 88UXsX H5(a+b sqrt {15} )+ sqrt {15} (c+d sqrt {15} )=5(a+3d)+(5b+c) sqrt {15} `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  88VXsX`VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {15} RIGHT ]LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* J 88WXsXLEFT < 5,` sqrt {15} RIGHT > `=` LEFT { ``5a prime +b prime sqrt {15} RIGHT . `` LEFT | ``a prime ,``b prime `` IN `` VecZ `` RIGHT } `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ]A88XXsX@LEFT . LEFT . VecZ LEFT [ sqrt {15} RIGHT ] / LEFT < 5, sqrt {15} RIGHT > CONG VecZ _{15} `/ LEFT < 5 RIGHT > CONG VecZ _{5} RIGHT . RIGHT . `LJEquation Version 60B`XC (2) 17(2) @ )<\ |. , t(̉X 8֕Y<\ tǩX\  deqe | deqe | <\ X\. Ĭ DEee:eeGdeqe#* eI88YXsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eJ88ZXsX@ 15 TIMES 4=60LUEquation Version 60B`>C deqe deqe 4, deqe X , deqe deqe X tpL. DE@  bGdeqe#* eK88[XsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eL88\XsX@60n+aLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9eO88]XsX'a=13,``19,``23,``29,``31,``37,``41,``47LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eM88^XsXLEFT < `p` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 7 N88_XsXVecZ [ sqrt {15} ]LWEquation Version 60B`>C deqe deqe 4, deqe X , deqe deqe X tpL. DE@S  bGdeqe#* eP88`XsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eQ88aXsX@60n+bLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* L5eT88bXsX@%b=1,``7,``11,``17,``43,``49,``53,``59LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eR88cXsXLEFT < `p` RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 7 S88dXsXVecZ [ sqrt {15} ]LWEquation Version 60B`$C deqe deqe 4 | L, deqe DE@  Gdeqe#* eU88eXsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eV88fXsX`60n+13LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* f W88gXsXLEFT ( {15} over {p} RIGHT ) `=` LEFT ( {3} over {p} RIGHT ) LEFT ( {5} over {p} RIGHT ) `=` LEFT ( {p} over {3} RIGHT ) LEFT ( {p} over {5} RIGHT ) =` LEFT ( {1} over {3} RIGHT ) LEFT ( {3} over {5} RIGHT ) =`1times(-1)`=`-1`LAEquation Version 60B`$C deqe deqe 4 | L, deqe DE@  Gdeqe#* eX88hXsXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eY88iXsX@60n+7LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* k Z88jXsX LEFT ( {15} over {p} RIGHT ) `= LEFT ( {3} over {p} RIGHT ) LEFT ( {5} over {p} RIGHT ) =- LEFT ( {p} over {3} RIGHT ) LEFT ( {p} over {5} RIGHT ) =`- LEFT ( {1} over {3} RIGHT ) LEFT ( {2} over {5} RIGHT ) =`-1 TIMES (-1)`=`1`LAEquation Version 60B`DE@ LLB`C#4. deqe  mX deqe tЬܴt(Ȭ 3.9.11). 0| mtpLt, deqe x deqe . t L, deqe tt, deqe t(\аXt, deqe deqe  deqe | 0\ XՔ deqe ( 0t0 L8t). 0| t 8 deqe (mt.  deqe \ 1 tpLX | 8 8t\ deqe ɲx | <(3.6.4). DE@ FF>bFFvvL#FFv&+ee2eeGdeqe#* F88kXsX VecZ _{p}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88lXsX`VecZ _{5} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88mXsXI`= LEFT < f(x) RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* `F88nXsXf(x)` IN VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88oXsX deg(f(x))=nLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* y!88pXsXLEFT | R` RIGHT | `=`p ^{n}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* zF88qXsX $R=` VecZ _{p} [x] LEFT / I` RIGHT .LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88rXsX VecZ _{p}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* L!88sXsX@%left{`1,`x,`cdots`,`x ^{n-1} `right}`LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Xe88tXsXnLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88uXsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88vXsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88wXsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60B`C@(1) deqe X tpLt deqe tt deqe ( ɲm deqe , deqe \ x . 0| deqe X tpLt deqe x deqe deqe . (t L, deqe X tpL@ deqe , deqe , deqe 8 .) DE9FFCA  MeeGdeqe#* we88XsXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsX3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsX3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 0e88XsX f(x)=(x-a)(x-b)(x-c)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsXa,`b,`c` IN ` VecZ _{p}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* we88XsXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsX3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsXI`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* $ 88XsX@%{p TIMES (p-1) TIMES (p-2)} over {3!}LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsXRLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsX`(x-a)RLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsX`(x-b)RLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsX`(x-c)RLUEquation Version 60B`0C(2) deqe X tpLt deqe x Ɣ LX P t. DE@TeeGdeqe#* we88XsXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsX2LUEquation Version 60B`;C` deqe , deqe \ x . @ @ deqe deqe . DE@[FFvGdeqe#* &!88XsX@f(x)=(x-a) ^{2} (x-b)LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsX@a,`b` IN ` VecZ _{p}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88XsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* <e88XsX`p TIMES (p-1)}LUEquation Version 60B`QC deqe , deqe t, deqe 2( 0}mx . @ @ deqe deqe . DEcFFv2pk  Gdeqe#* N/!88XsXf(x)=(x-a)(x ^{2} +bx+c)LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsXa,`b,`c` IN ` VecZ _{p}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88XsX`(x ^{2} +bx+c)LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88XsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * 88XsX(p TIMES {p(p-1)} over {2} =p ^{2} (p-1)LAEquation Version 60B`6C 0| deqe X tpLt deqe x deqe deqe . DE@x  Gdeqe#* we88XsXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsXI`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* K 88XsX <p(p-1)+p TIMES {p(p-1)} over {2} = {1} over {2} p(p-1)(p+2)LAEquation Version 60B`0C(3) deqe X tpLt deqe x Ɣ LX P t. DE@ЄeeGdeqe#* we88XsXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsX1LUEquation Version 60B`0C deqe , deqe . @ @ deqe deqe . DE@ًFFvGdeqe#* !88XsXf(x)=(x-a) ^{3}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsXa IN ` VecZ _{p}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88XsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsXpLUEquation Version 60B`@C deqe deqe ( ɲ 0}mx . @ @ deqe deqe . DE@ ZGdeqe#* 8e88XsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsX3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88XsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* f 88XsX {p ^{3} -p} over {3}LDEquation Version 60B`6C 0| deqe X tpLt deqe x deqe deqe . DE@' ZGdeqe#* we88XsXR`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsX1LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe"* e88XsXI`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !+ 88XsX 3p+ {p ^{3} -p} over {3} = {1} over {3} p(p ^{2} +2)LDEquation Version 60B`C8 ŵ8 4.9.16(2) XX deqe , deqe deqe X } deqe X ( deqe x deqe X ɲ 0}mt. 0| deqe | ( deqe x deqe X ɲ 0}mX | Xt, deqe t. t XX( deqe ) DEKC"FFrGdeqe#* 88XsX`x ^{p ^{n}} -x= SMALLPROD g(x)LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 'F88XsXg(x)`` IN ` VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsXn` LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsXd`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsXd`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsX VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsXm _{d} `LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsXd`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88XsX VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88XsX <p ^{n} `=` sum _{d` LEFT | `n RIGHT .} ^{} `d` TIMES `m _{d}L3Equation Version 60Gdeqe#* r F88XsX m _{1} =pLGEquation Version 60B`C deqe , deqe , deqe . DE@H ZGdeqe#*  88XsX@m _{2} = {p ^{2} -p} over {2}LDEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  88XsX'm _{3} = {p ^{3} -p} over {3} ,``cdots`LDEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* yW 88XsXzm _{6} = {1} over {6} LEFT { `p ^{6} -p- {1} over {2} (p ^{2} -p) TIMES 2- {1} over {3} (p ^{3} -p) TIMES 3 RIGHT . `rightLAEquation Version 60B`DE@LLB`DE@LLB`DE@lLLB`DE@LLLB`DE@,LLB`DE@ LLB` C4.6 D t` D E@B`DE@LLB`LC 1. deqe X tմ deqe ( deqe , 8 7) X deqe t. t| tǩX LD lX|. DE`  /rGdeqe#* )!{88-sX"f(x)``=``x ^{`n} `-1``in``VecQ[x]LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e|88.sX VecQ (u)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* & }88/sX /u=`cos {2 pi } over {n} +i`sin {2 pi } over {n}LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ~880sX ALEFT . Aut _{VecQ } ` VecQ `(u)` CONG VecZ _{n} ^{*} `` RIGHT .LJEquation Version 60B`3C`(1) deqe X tմ deqe @ Dp deqe , X  DE@#FFvGdeqe#* "!881sX $x ^{18} +x ^{9} +1` IN ` VecQ [x]`LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e882sXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F883sX LEFT . Aut _{VecQ } `K` RIGHT .LGEquation Version 60B`3C`(2) deqe X tմ deqe @ Dp deqe , X  DE@x+FFvGdeqe#* 9!884sX :x ^{100} -x ^{75} +x ^{50} -x ^{25} +1` IN ` VecQ [x]`LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e885sXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F886sX LEFT . Aut _{VecQ } `K` RIGHT .LGEquation Version 60B`DE@R3LLB`)C 2. deqe X tմ deqe ( deqe ) X DE@2:  Gdeqe#* *!887sX`&f(x)``=``x ^{`26} `-1`` IN `` VecQ [x]LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e888sX K=VecQ (u)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* & 889sX /u=`cos {2pi } over {26} +i`sin {2pi } over {26}LAEquation Version 60B`cC` deqe X D p deqe , deqe t deqe . D QD tǩX deqe X DDž\ p X\ LX ȴ|  lX|. DEF!!v4NeeGdeqe#* 8e88:sX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88;sXG(K/ VecQ )=left<`sigma`right>`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* &!88<sX`&sigma :`K` -> `K`,```sigma(u)=u ^{7} `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88=sX(o(sigma )=12`)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* k e88>sXLEFT < ` sigma ` RIGHT > `LUEquation Version 60B`UC (1) deqe (2) deqe (3) deqe (4) deqe DE@UGdeqe#* M 88?sX K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{6} RIGHT >}LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* M 88@sX K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{3} RIGHT >}LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* M 88AsX K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{2} RIGHT >}LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* M 88BsX K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{4} RIGHT >}LAEquation Version 60B`[C` ( deqe @ deqe X x ȴ| deqe  deqe \ m<\ ȴ ƌ\ 1 U\ д|.) DE]eeJdLLGdeqe#* e88CsX`VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88DsXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88EsX`VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Xe88FsXuLUEquation Version 60B`C@ DE@kLLB`[C` 3. deqe X tմ deqe ( deqe )@ D p deqe , deqe @ deqe X  X LD lX|. DEr  +3eeGdeqe#* A,!88GsX'f(x)``=``x ^{`100} `-1`` IN `` VecQ [x]LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88HsX K=VecQ (u)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* X* 88IsX 3u=`cos {2 pi } over {100} +i`sin {2 pi } over {100}LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88JsX@ G=G(K/ VecQ )LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88KsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88LsXK`LUEquation Version 60B`5C(1) deqe X xǐ (2) deqe X 0xǐ DE@,eeGdeqe#* e88MsXG`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88NsXG`LUEquation Version 60B`FC(3) deqe X deqe ( UX  (4) deqe X deqe ( UX  DE@%eeGdeqe#* e88OsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88PsX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88QsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88RsX8LUEquation Version 60B`1C (5) deqe X deqe ( UX  (6) X  DE@eeGdeqe#* e88SsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88TsX20LUEquation Version 60B`DE@LLB`C@4. deqe X LD lX|. DE@!!vGdeqe#* RE!88sX 7f(x)=(x ^{2} -2)(x ^{2} -3)(x ^{2} -5)` IN `` VecQ [x]`LWEquation Version 60B`2C@(1) deqe  deqe X tմ deqe @ deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e88*sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88sX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88+sXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !e88-sX@left[K`:`VecQ `right]LUEquation Version 60B`)C (2) deqe  deqe X Dp deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e882sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e883sX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e885sX@ G=G(K`/ VecQ)LUEquation Version 60B`?C(3) deqe @ deqe X   deqe X deqe ( Ux X . DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e88<sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88>sXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9e88@sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e889sX2LUEquation Version 60B`>C(4) deqe @ deqe X   deqe X deqe ( Ux X  DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e88EsX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88FsXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9e88GsX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88HsX4LUEquation Version 60B`8C(5) deqe @ deqe X   deqe X D Ux X  DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e88MsX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88NsXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9e88OsX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60B`DE@LLB`8C5. \ x deqe X  deqe deqe X LD lX|. DEir0LLGdeqe#* Xe88sXnLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88sXp_1, cdots , p_n LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* @88sX@ =f(x)=(x ^{2} -p _{1} )cdots(x ^{2} -p _{n} )` IN `` VecQ [x]`LJEquation Version 60B`2C@(1) deqe  deqe X tմ deqe @ deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e88msX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88nsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88osXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !e88psX@left[K`:`VecQ `right]LUEquation Version 60B`)C (2) deqe  deqe X Dp deqe DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e88qsX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 8e88rsX f(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88ssX@ G=G(K`/ VecQ)LUEquation Version 60B`?C(3) deqe @ deqe X   deqe X deqe ( Ux X . DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e88tsX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88usXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9e88vsX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88wsX2LUEquation Version 60B`>C(4) deqe @ deqe X   deqe X deqe ( Ux X  DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e88xsX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88ysXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9e88zsX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88{sX4LUEquation Version 60B`8C(5) deqe @ deqe X   deqe X D Ux X  DE@eeGdeqe#* 9e88|sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88}sXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9e88~sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60B`DE@LLB`C`t DE@ LLB`!C 1. (ŵ8 3.11.9@ 3.11.10D tǩ\.) DE@LLB`C(1) deqe t. , deqe @ deqe X 0}mX tp, deqe @ deqe X deqe X  deqe D <\ XՔ 0}mt. @ deqe , deqe | L, deqe t. DE!!v*N#!!vo+  Gdeqe#* D`!88sX Lx ^{`27} `-1=(x-1)(x ^{2} +x+1)(x ^{6} +x ^{3} +1)(x ^{18} +x ^{9} +1)LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  !88sX x ^{27} -1LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX4LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88sX@x ^{18} +x ^{9} +1`LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX18LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX1`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX27LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* & 88sX 1u=`cos {2 pi } over {27} +i`sin {2 pi } over {27}LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ke88sX (i,`27)=1`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88sX u ^{i} `LWEquation Version 60B` Ctմ deqe DE@7eeGdeqe#* ke88sX LEFT . K`= VecQ `(u) RIGHT .LUEquation Version 60B`CDp deqe DE@>rGdeqe#* A488sXpLEFT . Aut _{VecQ } ` VecQ `(u)` CONG VecZ _{27} ^{*} ` CONG LEFT ( VecZ _{18} ,`+`right) RIGHT . RIGHT .LJEquation Version 60B`2C@X ” Dp ٳx deqe X pX x deqe t. DE@:GFFGdeqe#* F688|sX  VecZ _{18} LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX  (1+1)(2+1)=6LUEquation Version 60B`CC`(2) deqe @ deqe X  deqe  deqe | <\  0}mt. DEO  7[LLGdeqe#* X+!88sX*x ^{100} -x ^{75} +x ^{50} -x ^{25} +1LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX1`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 'e88sX250LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* * 88sX 1v=`cos { pi } over {125} +i`sin { pi } over {125}LAEquation Version 60B`C(8 deqe ) D E@b }Gdeqe#* k 88sX x ^{250} -1=(x ^{125} -1)(x ^{125} -1)# ``````````````=(x-1) CDOTS `(x ^{100} +x ^{75} +x ^{50} +x ^{25} +1)(x+1) CDOTS (x ^{100} -x ^{75} +x ^{50} -x ^{25} +1)L*Equation Version 60B` Ctմ deqe DE@oeeGdeqe#* e88sX LEFT . K`= VecQ `(v) RIGHT .LUEquation Version 60B`CDp deqe DE@vrGdeqe#* 688sX lLEFT . LEFT . Aut _{VecQ } ` VecQ `(v)` CONG VecZ _{250} ^{*} ` CONG LEFT ( VecZ _{100} ,`+` RIGHT ) LJEquation Version 60B`$CX ” DpX pX x deqe t. DE@oeeGdeqe#* e88sX  (2+1)(2+1)=9LUEquation Version 60B`DE@hLLB`4C2. deqe t. , deqe t, deqe | L deqe . DE@H!!vGdeqe#* @e88sXo( sigma )=12`=o(7)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88sX`7 ^{12} ==`1``(mod`26)LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ne88sX`1 leq i leq 11LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88sX7 ^{i} not== `1``(mod`26)LWEquation Version 60B`C(1) deqe t. DE@rrsGdeqe#* $r88sX 4K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{6} RIGHT >} `=`VecQ(u+u ^{-1} )LEEquation Version 60B`CɅ < deqe t. , deqe . DE@KGdeqe#* 88sX`&sigma ^{6} (u)=u ^{7 ^{6}} =u ^{-1} `LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !!88sX7 ^{6} == `-1``(mod`26)LWEquation Version 60B`%C deqe t\ deqe t. DQ XX DE@rrvGdeqe#* '!88sX#sigma ^{6} (u+u ^{-1} )=u ^{-1} +uLWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* &r88sX @K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{6} RIGHT >} ` SUPSETEQ ` VecQ (u+u ^{-1} )`LEEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@rrsGdeqe#* Pr88sX@uVecQ (u+u ^{-1} )` SUBSETEQ K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{6} RIGHT >} ` not= `K` _{LEFT < Id RIGHT >} = VecQ (u)`````cdots`(*)LEEquation Version 60B`$Cp deqe t(m deqe X t\ DE@!!vGdeqe#* Xe88sXuLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* N!88sX 9f(x)=x ^{2} -(u+u ^{-1} )x+1` IN ` VecQ `(u+u ^{-1} )[x]`LWEquation Version 60B`&C deqe t. deqe XX deqe t\ DE@K!!vGdeqe#* -!88 sX` >LEFT [ ` VecQ (u)`left: VecQ (u+u ^{-1} )right]`leq`2` RIGHT .LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* He88 sX(*)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* -!88 sX CLEFT [ ` VecQ (u)` LEFT : VecQ (u+u ^{-1} ) RIGHT ] `geq`2` RIGHT .LWEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@!!vGdeqe#* ,!88 sX ALEFT [ ` VecQ (u)` LEFT : VecQ (u+u ^{-1} ) RIGHT ] `=`2` RIGHT .LWEquation Version 60B`C\, deqe t. DE@!!vGdeqe#* N!88 sX 8irr(u,` VecQ `(u+u ^{-1} ))(x)`=x ^{2} -(u+u ^{-1} )x+1`LWEquation Version 60B`C(2) deqe t. DE@jrrsGdeqe#* Z8r88sX GK` _{LEFT < sigma ^{3} RIGHT >} `=` VecQ (u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} )LEEquation Version 60B`CɅ < deqe t. , deqe . DE@pKGdeqe#* I88sX@%sigma ^{3} (u)=u ^{7 ^{3}} =u ^{5} `LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88sX7 ^{3} == `5``(mod`26)LWEquation Version 60B` C deqe t\ DE@!!vGdeqe#* )z!88sXisigma ^{3} (u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} )=u ^{5} +u ^{-5} +u ^{25} +u ^{-25} =u ^{5} +u ^{-5} +u ^{-1} +uLWEquation Version 60B`KC` deqe t. p deqe t. \аXt, deqe tt, deqe tǴ t. LD $XՐ. DErrv#!!vGdeqe#* 9r88sX QK` _{LEFT < sigma ^{3} RIGHT >} ` SUPSETEQ ` VecQ (u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} )`LEEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 4+!88sX +u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} ` NOTIN ` VecQ `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* *!88sX(u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} ` IN ` VecQ `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX 8LEFT [ ` VecQ (u)` LEFT : VecQ RIGHT ] `leq`10` RIGHT .LUEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@rrsGdeqe#* _r88sXK _{LEFT < sigma RIGHT >} = VecQ `` not= ` VecQ (u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} )` SUBSETEQ K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{3} RIGHT >} ``` CDOTS `(**)LEEquation Version 60B`(C deqe t\ deqe  deqe t. 0| DE@ vGdeqe#* 88sX OLEFT . LEFT [ `K`_{LEFT < sigma ^{3} RIGHT >} ` LEFT : ` VecQ ` RIGHT ] `=`3` LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX (**)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9!88sX@ =left[` VecQ (u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} )left:`VecQ`right]=3`LWEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@PrrsGdeqe#* Z8r88sX GK` _{LEFT < sigma ^{3} RIGHT >} `=` VecQ (u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} )LEEquation Version 60B`C8 deqe t, deqe DEVrrs \# }Gdeqe#* ֕r88sXsigma ^{3} (u ^{4} +u ^{-4} +u ^{6} +u ^{-6} )=u ^{-6} +u ^{6} +u ^{4} +u ^{-4} ``` IN `K _{left<`sigma ^{3} `right>} = VecQ `(u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} )[x]LEEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ֐ 88sX"irr(u+u ^{-1} ,` VecQ `(u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} ))(x)`= LEFT ( x-(u+u ^{-1} ) RIGHT ) LEFT ( x-(u ^{5} +u ^{-5} ) RIGHT )# ```=x ^{2} -(u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} )x+u ^{4} +u ^{-4} +u ^{6} +u ^{-6} ``` IN ` VecQ `(u+u ^{-1} +u ^{5} +u ^{-5} )[x]L*Equation Version 60B`C(3) deqe t. DE@0rrsGdeqe#* Lr88sXXK` _{LEFT < sigma ^{2} RIGHT >} `=` VecQ (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} +u ^{-1} +u ^{-3} +u ^{-9} )LEEquation Version 60B` CɅ < deqe t. deqe \ . DE@9KGdeqe#* 88sX`&sigma ^{2} (u)=u ^{7 ^{2}} =u ^{-3} `LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* =!88sX 2u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} +u ^{-1} +u ^{-3} +u ^{-9} =beta`LWEquation Version 60B`C deqe t. 0| deqe t. DE@-BvGdeqe#* !88 sXsigma ^{2} (beta)=beta`LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* `88!sX 9 VecQ (beta)` SUBSETEQ K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{2} RIGHT >} `LAEquation Version 60B`C\, deqe t. \аXt, deqe t, deqe | Xt, deqe | <\ XՔ deqe  12( ɲ mD Ŕ. t m deqe  deqe X 0}mX (̔ deqe | <\ XՔ deqe  11( mt\ t. DEwJ!!v:,Ree~%YeeGdeqe#* z e88"sX@beta ` NOTIN ` VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* b7!88#sX 2beta =u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} -u ^{12} -u ^{10} -u ^{4} `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F e88$sXbeta ` IN ` VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88%sX`beta `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88&sX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88'sX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88(sX`beta `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88)sX`beta `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88*sX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60B`4C0| deqe t. deqe t\ deqe t, deqe t. DE`(hhrrsGdeqe#* 088+sX`fK _{LEFT < sigma RIGHT >} = VecQ `` not= ` VecQ ( beta )` SUBSETEQ K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{2} RIGHT >} `LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88,sX_LEFT . LEFT [ `K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{2} RIGHT >} ` LEFT : ` VecQ ` RIGHT ] `=`2` RIGHT . RIGHT .LAEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 4e88-sX 8LEFT [ ` VecQ (beta) LEFT : ` VecQ ` RIGHT ] =2` RIGHT .LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Lr88.sXXK` _{LEFT < sigma ^{2} RIGHT >} `=` VecQ (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} +u ^{-1} +u ^{-3} +u ^{-9} )LEEquation Version 60B`C(4) deqe t. DE@nqrrsGdeqe#* Z*r88/sX@ =K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{4} RIGHT >} `=` VecQ (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )LEEquation Version 60B`%CɅ deqe t. deqe t\ deqe . DE@tzrrKGdeqe#* I880sX@%sigma ^{4} (u)=u ^{7 ^{4}} =u ^{9} `LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* M3!881sX 1sigma ^{4} (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )=u ^{9} +u+u ^{3} `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* +r882sX G` VecQ (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )` SUBSETEQ K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{4} RIGHT >} `LEEquation Version 60B`!C  deqe t\ deqe t 1\. 0| DE@zrrvGdeqe#* 4!883sX!u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} ` NOTIN ` VecQ `LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 62r884sX QVecQ ` not= ` VecQ (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )` SUBSETEQ K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{4} RIGHT >}LEEquation Version 60B`C@ deqe t. p DE@!!vGdeqe#* 8!885sX` NLEFT [ ` VecQ (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} ) LEFT : ` VecQ ` RIGHT ] =2``````4` RIGHT .LWEquation Version 60B`5C deqe t\ deqe t. \ deqe t, deqe t. DE5rrv;rrvGdeqe#* /U!886sX@Usigma ^{2} (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )=u ^{-3} +u ^{-9} +u ^{-1} ` not= u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} ```LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* )r887sX CK` _{LEFT < sigma ^{2} RIGHT >} ` not= ` VecQ (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )`LEEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* +!888sX@ ELEFT [ ` VecQ (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} ) LEFT : ` VecQ ` RIGHT ] =4` RIGHT .LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Z*r889sX@ =K` _{LEFT < sigma ^{4} RIGHT >} `=` VecQ (u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )LEEquation Version 60B` C8 deqe DE@A }Gdeqe#* v 88:sX irr(u,` VecQ `(u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} ))(x)`= LEFT ( x-u RIGHT ) LEFT ( x-u ^{3} RIGHT ) LEFT ( x-u ^{9} RIGHT )# ``=x ^{3} -(u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )x ^{2} +(u ^{4} +u ^{10} +u ^{12} )x+1` IN ` VecQ `(u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )[x]L*Equation Version 60B` C`t. \аXt, DE@LLB` C deqe . DE@errsGdeqe#* Or88;sX@sigma ^{4} (u ^{4} +u ^{10} +u ^{12} )=u ^{36} +u ^{90} +u ^{108} =u ^{4} +u ^{10} +u ^{12} ``` IN `K _{LEFT < ` sigma ^{4} ` RIGHT >} = VecQ `(u+u ^{3} +u ^{9} )`LEEquation Version 60B`DE@kLLB`C3. t 8X tǔ ŵ8 2.13.18 . DE@KLLB`,C deqe X D p@ deqe t. \ deqe t. DE@+Gdeqe#* !88<sX@ x ^{`100} `-1LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88=sX@%G` CONG {bar{VecZ }} ` _{100}^{`*} `LLEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ?88>sX{bar{VecZ }} ` _{100}^{`*} ` CONG ` {bar{VecZ }} ` _{2} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{20} ` CONG ` {bar{VecZ }} ` _{2} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{2 ^{2}} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LFEquation Version 60B` C(1) deqe X xǐǔ deqe t. DE@VeeGdeqe#* e88?sXG`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88@sX@ 2``left|``20`LUEquation Version 60B` C(2) deqe X 0xǐǔ deqe t. DE@O!!vGdeqe#* e88AsXG`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88BsX 2,``2 ^{2} ,``5``LWEquation Version 60B`C(3) D Q deqe deqe QX, deqe X deqe ( U̔ deqe H  deqe x p,  deqe x p Q\. t@ @ p@ deqe  deqe , deqe , deqe \ 8 . 0| deqe X deqe ( U̔ 8 . DE ee[!!veeGdeqe#* e88CsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88DsXG`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88EsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88FsX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88GsXG`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88HsX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* a!88IsX20=2 ^{2} times5LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* z88JsX T{bar{VecZ }} ` _{2} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{2 ^{2}} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LFEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 788KsX 3LEFT < (0,`1) RIGHT > TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LLEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 788LsX 2LEFT < (1,`1) RIGHT > TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LLEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* #88MsX :LEFT < (1,`0),`(0,`2) RIGHT > TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LLEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e 88NsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e 88OsX2LUEquation Version 60B`C(4) deqe X deqe ( U̔ deqe H  deqe x p,  deqe x p Q\. t@ @ p@ deqe  deqe пt. 0| deqe X deqe ( U̔ \ . DEeeT LLGdeqe#* e 88PsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e 88QsX8LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e 88RsXG`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88SsX8LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88TsX5LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* z88UsX T{bar{VecZ }} ` _{2} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{2 ^{2}} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LFEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 788VsX 3LEFT < (0,`0) RIGHT > TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LLEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88WsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88XsX8LUEquation Version 60B`C(5) deqe X deqe ( U̔ deqe H  deqe x p,  deqe x p Q\. t@ @ p@ deqe  deqe , deqe , deqe 8 . 0| deqe X deqe ( U̔ 8 . DEeeS$!.eeGdeqe#* e88YsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88ZsX20LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88[sXG`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88\sX20LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88]sX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* z88^sX T{bar{VecZ }} ` _{2} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{2 ^{2}} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LFEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88_sXLEFT < (1,`0,`0) RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88`sXLEFT < (0,`2,`0) RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88asXLEFT < (1,`2,`0) RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88bsX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88csX20LUEquation Version 60B`C(6) ̔ p QX\ deqe X pX | 8t. deqe Ŕ  deqe x pt  \ )t,  deqe x pt  8 ) P deqe  <\, ̔ deqe  . DE56E>eej>EeeGdeqe#* e$88dsXG`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* z88esX T{bar{VecZ }} ` _{2} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{2 ^{2}} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LFEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e 88fsX`1,`8,``5,``40`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e!88gsX2,`4,``10,``20`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e"88hsX16LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e#88isX16LUEquation Version 60B`C@8 deqe   deqe x ƌ deqe , deqe , deqe X 8 . t ƌ@  deqe X deqe , deqe , deqe Q. deqe deqe , deqe Qp, deqe X ȴ, deqe t. deqe Ŕ deqe X deqe ( U P  T . DE 7LDT}^vfeeGdeqe#* %88jsX`{bar{VecZ }} ` _{100} ^{`*} `LLEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e)88ksX2`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e&88lsX -1 == 99`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* .!'88msX3 ^{10} == 49`LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !(88nsX-3 ^{10} == -49` == `51`LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* z*88osX T{bar{VecZ }} ` _{2} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{2 ^{2}} ` TIMES {bar{VecZ }} ` _{5} `LFEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e+88psXLEFT < (1,`0,`0) RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e,88qsXLEFT < (0,`2,`0) RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e-88rsXLEFT < (1,`2,`0) RIGHT >LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e.88ssX -1 == 99`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* @e/88tsX@delta`in`G(K`/VecQ )`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !088usXdelta `(u)=u ^{-1}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Le188vsXleft<`delta `right>LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* w"288wsX@ -K _{LEFT < delta RIGHT >} =VecQ(u+u ^{-1} )`LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e388xsXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e488ysX VecQ `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e588zsX20LUEquation Version 60B`DE@mLLB`;C`4. (1) deqe X @ deqe t. 0| deqe t, deqe t. DEt!!v$4|  bGdeqe#* RE!788sX 7f(x)=(x ^{2} -2)(x ^{2} -3)(x ^{2} -5)` IN `` VecQ [x]`LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* i& 888sX`& sqrt {2} ,`` sqrt {3} ,`` sqrt {5}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ( 988sX /K`= VecQ (` sqrt {2} ,`` sqrt {3} ,` sqrt {5} )LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* D(e:88sX@ -LEFT [ K: VecQ RIGHT ] =2 TIMES 2` TIMES 2=8LUEquation Version 60B`#C`(2) deqe | deqe , deqe , DE@҃  bGdeqe#* ^e;88sX'sigma ,` tau `,`delta IN ``G(K/ VecQ )`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* &S <88sX`sigma ( sqrt {2} )=`- sqrt {2} ,`` sigma ( sqrt {3} )= sqrt {3} ,`` sigma ( sqrt {5} )= sqrt {5}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e=88sX@cdotsLUEquation Version 60B`C  deqe \ XXt, DE@p  bGdeqe#* lP >88sXadelta ( sqrt {2} )=` sqrt {2} ,`` delta ( sqrt {3} )= sqrt {3} ,``` delta ( sqrt {5} )=- sqrt {5}LWEquation Version 60B` C deqe t. DE@FFGdeqe#* ?F?88sX`nG(K/ VecQ )= LEFT < ` sigma ,`` tau ,` delta ` RIGHT > CONG VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60B`#C`(3) ŵ8 2.12.8 deqe x t. D!E@eeGdeqe#* e@88sX p=2,``n=3LUEquation Version 60B`C deqe X deqe ( Ux ̔ deqe X  deqe x p Q. ,  deqe x p() Q. , deqe deqe  deqe ( 0t, t 0X deqe ( X | >̔ 8t. deqe ( D XՔ 0X | \ deqe ( X 0X \ t . ” DU[}E FFFFFveeeeGdeqe#* 9eA88sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eB88sX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* FC88sX 1 VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eD88sX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !E88sX4=2 ^{2}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* FF88sX 1 VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* FG88sX VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eH88sX3LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eI88sX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eJ88sX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eK88sX2LUEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@ dGdeqe#* I# L88sX 9{(2 ^{3} -1)(2 ^{3} -2)} over {(2 ^{2} -1)(2 ^{2} -2)} =7L@Equation Version 60B`lC (4) deqe X deqe ( Ux ̔ deqe X  deqe x p,  deqe x p Q. ” deqe t. DEFFP dGdeqe#* 9eM88sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eN88sX4LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* FO88sX 1 VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eP88sX4LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eQ88sX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  R88sX{2 ^{3} -1} over {2 ^{2} -1} =7L@Equation Version 60B`0C(5) deqe @ DŨpt pt ܭpt. ܭpX ” DE@FFGdeqe#* FS88sX 1 VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2} TIMES VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60B`5C deqe t,   deqe X DUX ij deqe . DE@{eeGdeqe#* %eT88sX 1+7+7+1=16`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9eU88sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* eV88sX16`LUEquation Version 60B`DE@tLLB`;C`5. (1) deqe X @ deqe t. 0| deqe t, deqe t. DETr$vGdeqe#* xAi88sX` >f(x)=(x ^{2} -p _{1} )`cdots(x ^{2} -p _{n} )` IN `` VecQ [x]`LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* $W88sX@ - sqrt {p _{1}} ,`` CDOTS `,`` sqrt {p _{n}}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* +X88sX 7K`= VecQ (` sqrt {p _{1}} ,`` CDOTS `,` sqrt {p _{n}} )LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* `,!Y88sX` 6LEFT [ K: VecQ RIGHT ] =2 TIMES cdots` TIMES 2=2 ^{n}LWEquation Version 60B`TC (2) deqe | deqe \ XXt, deqe t. , \Dp@ deqe  deqe ( 0t. D3EvarMLLGdeqe#* .FZ88sX`sigma _{i} IN ``G(K/ VecQ )`LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* H[88sX lsigma _{i} ( sqrt {p _{i}} )=`- sqrt {p _{i}} ,`` sigma _{i} ( sqrt {p _{j}} )= sqrt {p _{j}} ,```j`not=`iLJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* qPd88sXG(K/ VecQ )= LEFT < ` sigma _{1} ,`` CDOTS `,` sigma _{n} ` RIGHT > CONG VecZ _{2} TIMES CDOTS TIMES VecZ _{2} = VecZ _{2}^{n}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Fj88sX VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Xek88sXnLUEquation Version 60B`#C`(3) ŵ8 2.12.8 deqe x t. D!E@k eeGdeqe#* ! ee88sXp=2LUEquation Version 60B`LC) deqe X deqe ( Ux ̔ deqe X  deqe x p Q. ,  deqe x p Q. t L, deqe deqe | ||\ XՔ deqe ( 0tp,  deqe x p@ deqe X deqe ( t. ” deqe  deqe ( D 1XՔ 0X | \ deqe ( X 0X \ t .  ” deqe X deqe ( X @ (d$ 8). DE@ d'vP/r8v&AeeHrGdeqe#* 9e\88sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e]88sX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* l88sX VecZ _{2}^{n}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e^88sX2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* p!_88sX2 ^{n-1}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* z88sX VecZ _{2}^{n}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Fq88sX VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Xef88sXnLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* p!{88sX2 ^{n-1}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* m88sX VecZ _{2}^{n}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* en88sXn-1LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* |88sX VecZ _{2}^{n}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e}88sXn-1LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e~88sXn-1LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88sX VecZ _{2}^{n}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX1LUEquation Version 60B` C@ deqe DE@P dGdeqe#* f o88sX@{(2 ^{n} -1)(2 ^{n} -2) CDOTS (2 ^{n} -2 ^{n-2} )} over {(2 ^{n-1} -1)(2 ^{n-1} -2) CDOTS (2 ^{n-1} -2 ^{n-2} )} `= {2 ^{n} -1} over {2-1} =2 ^{n} -1L@Equation Version 60B`C`(4) deqe X deqe ( Ux ̔ deqe X  deqe x p,  deqe x p Q. deqe  deqe ( 0 deqe  deqe ( X ” deqe ( X @ , ”, DE^vRkgrpLLGdeqe#* 9e`88sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ea88sX4LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* p88sX VecZ _{2}^{n}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !b88sX`2 ^{2}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* p!c88sX2 ^{n-2}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Fw88sX VecZ _{2}LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* Xer88sXnLUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* s88 sX VecZ _{2}^{n}LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* et88 sXn-2LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ev88 sX2LUEquation Version 60B` C@ deqe DE@v dGdeqe#* | u88 sX{(2 ^{n} -1)(2 ^{n} -2) CDOTS (2 ^{n} -2 ^{n-3} )} over {(2 ^{n-1} -1)(2 ^{n-1} -2) CDOTS (2 ^{n-1} -2 ^{n-3} )} `= {(2 ^{n} -1)(2 ^{n} -2)} over {(2 ^{2} -1)(2 ^{2} -2)} = {(2 ^{n} -1)(2 ^{n-1} -1)} over {3}L@Equation Version 60B`5C(5) deqe @ DŨpt pt ܭpt. ܭp(p)X ” DE@rGdeqe#* x88 sX VecZ _{2}^{n}LJEquation Version 60B`:C@ deqe t,   deqe X DU()X ij deqe . DE@!!vGdeqe#* p!g88sX2 ^{n+1}LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 9eh88sX` VecQ LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* p!y88sX2 ^{n+1}LWEquation Version 60B`DE@LLLB`DE@,LLB`C4.9 \մ  D t` D E@ B`DE@LLB`3C`16. deqe | L, deqe X 0}m \ LD ɅX| DE@lFFGdeqe#* e88sXp`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* k F88sXVecZ _{`p} [x]`LGEquation Version 60B`BC@(1) deqe ( deqe x deqe X 0}m| L, deqe D ɅX|. DE@FKGdeqe#* e88sX p(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXn`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* k F88sXVecZ _{`p} [x]`LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* z88sX@p(x)`LEFT|``x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-xLYEquation Version 60B`;C`(2) deqe ( deqe x deqe X 0}m| L, LD ɅX|. DE@FFGdeqe#* e88sX q(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXd`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* k F88sXVecZ _{`p} [x]`LGEquation Version 60B`C deqe deqe deqe DE@KGdeqe#* /88sX@q(x)`LEFT|``x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-xLYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX LRARROW `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXd``|``n`LUEquation Version 60B`>C(3) deqe D ɅX|( deqe deqe X deqe ( ɲ 0}m). DE@. XGdeqe#* [ 88sX` 6x ^{p ^{n}} -x= prod _{d` LEFT | `n RIGHT .} ^{} `g(x)L8Equation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX g(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* k F88sX VecZ _{`p} [x]`LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXdLUEquation Version 60B`/C(4) deqe  2(, 3( 6( ɲ 0}mX |  lX|. DE@LFFGdeqe#* k F88sXVecZ _{`p} [x]`LGEquation Version 60B`DE@&LLB`C16. t (1) deqe X \ D deqe | Xt deqe t\, deqe t. 0| deqe deqe X t(Ȭ 4.9.2(2)X deqe x ). ҈ deqe deqe X t, deqe deqe | <\ XՔ 0}mt\ deqe t. DE rABweeKGdeqe#* e88sX p(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ,e88sXalpha `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88sX ,[ VecZ _{p} ( alpha ):` VecZ _{p} ]`=`n`LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 488sX'|` VecZ _{p} ( alpha )`|`=`p ^{n} ``LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88sX!v`` IN `` VecZ _{p} ( alpha )``LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* +88sX 3h(x)`=`x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-x`` IN `` VecZ _{p} [x]`LMEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXm=1LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ,e88sXalpha `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX@h(x)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX p(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ,e88sXalpha `LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88sX"p(x)`left|``(x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-x)`LYEquation Version 60B`C(2) deqe deqe | XՐ. t L, deqe X @ deqe X t. t deqe X deqe  tմ| deqe , deqe X deqe  tմ| deqe | Xt, deqe t. 0| deqe deqe X }t. DEK?FFFFGdeqe#* e88sX RARROW `)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88sX!q(x)`left|`(`x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-x)LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* +e88sX@q(x)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88sXh(x)`=`x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-x`LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* +e88sX@q(x)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ,F88sX` VecZ _{p} `LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ,e88sXL`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX@h(x)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* ,F88sX` VecZ _{p} `LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXK`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* sF88sX'VecZ _{p} ` SUBSETEQ `L` SUBSETEQ `K`LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* >F88sX[L`:` VecZ _{p} ]`=`d`LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88sX[K`:` VecZ _{p} ]`=`n`LGEquation Version 60B`xC deqe deqe ( deqe x deqe X 0}mtt, (1)@ t deqe t. t deqe | L, deqe D deqe D Ʌ\. DE'KJB0KGdeqe#* e88sX LARROW `)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX q(x)LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXd`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* k F88sXVecZ _{`p} [x]`LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88sX`q(x)`|``(x ^{`p ^{`d}} `-x)`LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sX d`left|`n`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* $88sX 2(x ^{`p ^{`d}} `-x)```|``(x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-x)``LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88sX@q(x)`|`(`x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-x)LYEquation Version 60B`C  deqe t| s!88sXrp ^{`n} `-`1`=p ^{`d`m} `-`1`=(p ^{`d`} `-`1)((p ^{d} ) ^{m-1} `+`(p ^{d} ) ^{m-2} `+ CDOTS `+`p ^{d} +1)`LWEquation Version 60B`Ct deqe | Xt, deqe t, DE@wG!!vGdeqe#* b!88sXbk`=(p ^{`d`} `-`1),``````l`=`((p ^{d} ) ^{m-1} `+`(p ^{d} ) ^{m-2} `+ CDOTS `+`p ^{d} +1)```LWEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* !88sX p ^{`n} `-`1`=`k`l`LWEquation Version 60B` C  deqe DE@,O  QGdeqe#* Ug 88sX$ LEFT . eqalign{`x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-x`=x` LEFT ( x ^{`(p ^{`n} -1)} `-1 RIGHT ) `=`x` LEFT ( x ^{`k`l`} `-1 RIGHT ) `# `````````````````````````````=x(x ^{`k`} `-1)` LEFT { (x ^{`k`} ) ^{l-1} `+(x ^{`k`} ) ^{l-2} +` CDOTS `+x ^{`k`} +1 RIGHT } ```} RIGHT .L0Equation Version 60B`Ct\ deqe deqe X 0t. DE@\KGdeqe#* 288sX(x ^{`p ^{`n}} `-x)``LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* &88sX`&x(x ^{k} `-1)`=(x ^{`p ^{`d}} `-x)`LYEquation Version 60B`C`(3) (2) XX 1\. DE@[eLLB`C(4) deqe | ( deqe x deqe X ɲ 0}mX | XՐ. (3) deqe , deqe deqe X } deqe X ( deqe x deqe X ɲ 0}mt\ X (| DPXt, deqe t. DE;lFF>tK|rGdeqe#* F88sXm _{d} `LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXd`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88 sX VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88 sX`x ^{p ^{n}} -x= SMALLPROD g(x)LYEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 'F88sXg(x)`` IN ` VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXn` LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXd`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88sXd`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* F88sX VecZ _{p} [x]LGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* 88sX <p ^{n} `=` sum _{d` LEFT | `n RIGHT .} ^{} `d` TIMES `m _{d}L3Equation Version 60B`,C deqe , 1( ɲ 0}m@ deqe X deqe . DE@FFGdeqe#* r F88sX m _{1} =pLGEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* L,e88)sXx,``x-1,``cdots`,``x-(p-1)`LUEquation Version 60Gdeqe#* e88*sXp`LUEquation Version 60B`C deqe  deqe . DE@ ZGdeqe#* &88"sX ,p ^{2} `=`1 TIMES `m _{1} +2 TIMES `m _{2} `LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  88$sX@m _{2} = {p ^{2} -p} over {2}LDEquation Version 60B`C deqe  deqe . DE@& ZGdeqe#* &88&sX ,p ^{3} `=`1 TIMES `m _{1} +3 TIMES `m _{3} `LJEquation Version 60Gdeqe#*  88sX@m _{3} = {p ^{3} -p} over {3}LDEquation Version 60B` C` deqe  DE@rGdeqe#* rH88(sX Op ^{6} `=`1 TIMES `m _{1} +2 TIMES `m _{2} `+3 TIMES `m _{3} +6 TIMES `m _{6} `LJEquation Version 60B`C deqe . DE@   Gdeqe#* yW 88sXzm _{6} = {1} over {6} LEFT { `p ^{6} -p- {1} over {2} (p ^{2} -p) TIMES 2- {1} over {3} (p ^{3} -p) TIMES 3 RIGHT . `rightLAEquation Version 60B`DE@ȿLL